- [[value-based decision making]], [[expected value of control]], [[anterior cingulate cortex]] - [[costs of physical effort]] vs [[costs and benefits of exerting mental effort and control]] - [[brain networks involved in physical effort decisions]], [[brain networks involved in cognitive effort decisions]], [[rewards of effort]] - [[multiple demand network]] # Idea Exerting effort and control is aversive so there must be costs associated with tasks that require effort and control. However, what these costs are and how they influence decision processes remain unclear. Quantifying effort costs is difficult because effort isn't a property or task and demands alone, but also the individual's cognitive capacities, and the amount of effort exerted, which depends on factors like reward sensitivity. The [[anterior cingulate cortex]] might guide [[action selection]] based on a cost-benefit analysis, integrating information about past action outcomes. Different types of costs - "intrinsic costs" [[Kool 2018 Mental labour|(Kool & Botvinick, 2018)]] - energetic costs [[Boksem 2008 Mental fatigue costs and benefits|(Boksem et al., 2008)]] - [[opportunity costs]] [[Kurzban 2013 An opportunity cost model of subject effort and task performance|(Kurzban et al., 2013)]] - motivational costs [[Inzlicht 2014 Why self-control seems but may not be limited|(Inzlicht et al., 2014)]] - [[computational costs associated with cognitive control]] But see problems with resource models [[Navon 1984 Resources a theoretical soup|(Navon, 1984)]]. # References - [[Shenhav 2013 expected value of control ACC theory]] - [[Kool 2018 Mental labour]] - [[Hosking 2015 prefrontal cortical inactivations decrease effort willingness in rodents]]